100 years ago this week - An embrocation

Local farmers may find this embrocation of use, if you could actually still purchase the ingredients.

Farmers Advocate October 14, 1918

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article223662270

In October, Mr M.D. Dalley of Koo Wee Rup, wrote the following letter to the Farmers’ Advocate newspaper - Among the papers of my late father the following recipe was found; it has been used by him on many occasions, and found an excellent embrocation (lotion). For the benefit of farmers I give it: - 1 oz. Laudanum, 1 oz. Tincture of Myrrh; 1 oz. Tincture of Aloes; ½ oz. Sulphate of Zinc; 1 oz. Carbolic Acid. Mix with 5 oz. salad oil.

For the young readers of this article, the word oz is the abbreviation for an ounce which is about 28 grams. These ingredients were obviously freely available at the time; I am not sure how you would access them all now. Laudanum is opium mixed with alcohol and, not surprisingly, no longer available at the local shops; Myrrh is a type of tree resin and was one of the gifts given by the Three Wise Men at the birth of Jesus. I didn't actually realise that it was used anywhere outside the Bible; Aloes is made from the leaves of the aloe plant; Sulphate of Zinc is the dietary supplement; Carbolic Acid or phenol is used as an antibiotic or disinfectant and is considered to be a poison. Salad oil sounds like the least dangerous and easiest to obtain ingredient out of this list. As a matter of interest, Mr Dalley’s full name was Moorabool Darriwell Dalley, quite an unusual set of given names. He was born at Batesford, which is on the Moorabool River, and Darriwell is the name of a land administration Parish, just north of Batesford. Darriwell was also the name of the 1879 Melbourne Cup winner.

Bunyip Cemetery

The Bunyip Cemetery site was officially reserved on November 22, 1886 and on December 6, 1886 the first Trustees were appointed - William Harry Webb, Lawrence Finch, James Mortimer, Joseph Archer, Christian Hansen, Peter Gillespie and John Reynolds.  The first official burials, as listed in the Cemetery Register, did not take place until eight years after the Cemetery was officially gazetted with the first one in March 1894. Of the first 20 burials in the register, 19 were children. This was a result of the high infant mortality rate at the time before vaccinations and antibiotics came into widespread use. Here is a sample of this depressing and sad list: William Barnes aged 6 - cause of death Diphtheria; Ethel Wayneith, 9 months - Marasmus (severe undernourishment); John Peart, 2 months - Marasmus; David Fallon 9 weeks - Maramus; Ann Benham 10 months - Pneumonia; Lily Norton 10 weeks - Whooping cough; William Heuson 4 months - Whooping cough; Denis McIvor 20 days - Meningitis; Mary Anne Mulligan 3 years - Diphtheria.

Land was set aside for the Cemetery November 22, 1886

http://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/images/1886/V/general/126.pdf

However, the Cemetery was obviously in use before it was officially gazetted and a register established as there is a report in the Weekly Times of August 21, 1886 of the death of 22 year old Henry Manley, whose body had been found in a waterhole near his house at Cannibal Creek (Garfield). It was surmised that he had fainted, as he had been having treatment for heart disease, and fallen into the waterhole when he was collecting water in a billy. The report goes in to say that he was buried in the ‘new Bunyip Cemetery’ (1).

The first Trustees of the Bunyip Cemetery appointed December 6, 1886.

http://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/images/1886/V/general/132.pdf

Apart from the six Trustees listed above the following were amongst the men that acted for various lengths of time as Trustees in the first 20 years - William Pitt, Arthur Gadsby, Enoch Holgate, Michael O’Brien, William Masters, Patrick Heffernan, John Ryan, Daniel Topp, William George Kraft, James Pincott, John Hade, Charles Pearson and Henry Rodger. As far as I know there has not been a woman who has been a Trustee but there have been a number of women who have undertaken the role of Honorary Secretary, including Mrs Sarah Kraft who had the role for 25 years. In June 1914 she was presented with ‘an artistic illuminated address, nicely framed’ to mark the appreciation of her work as Secretary (2).

We will now have a look at some of the early burials that were reported in the local papers.  Amongst the saddest burials is that of Alfred Ernest Duncan, who drowned in the Main Drain on June 14, 1901 trying to rescue his sister, nine year old Janet (also referred to as Jane).  He was 10 years and 9 months old. They were the children of John and Mary Margaret (nee Grant) Duncan who also had another daughter, Annie. From reports in various papers we can piece together what happened. The children attended the Iona State School (then called Bunyip South) and they were going to school and instead of using the school bridge (3) they used a plank further along the river. Janet fell into the drain and her brother said Janet, turn on your back and I will save you. Albert immediately plunged in, caught the girl, held her head above water for some moments but both sank and were separated (4). Her body was never found. The Inquest of Alfred has been digitised and is available on the Public Records Office of Victoria, website, here.  It is very sad reading.

Report of the drowning and the public meeting held to raise money for a memorial

The Argus June 22, 1901 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/10557352

The funeral service was held on Tuesday, June 18. 1901. The children attending the State school marched in front of the hearse to the Bunyip cemetery. The Age reported: The service at the grave was a very touching and impressive one, the clergyman dwelling on the noble action by which young Duncan lost his life (5).  The Bunyip community raised money for a memorial to be placed on his grave and this was unveiled in December 1901 (6).  The grave, which is in the Presbyterian section, is, sadly, a bit neglected. It has the motto - ‘Greater love has no man than this; that a man lay down his life for his friends’

Alfred Duncan's grave

Image: Heather Arnold

Many of the early pioneers are buried at Bunyip - Bartholomew Fitzgerald settled on 20 acres in 1892 on the Main Drain at Bunyip South. Bartholomew, his wife Annie, and their 13 children worked the family farm. Bartholomew died in March 1906. Annie, who died in 1948, is also buried at Bunyip. Joseph Archer, aged 77, died in  August 1908. He had lived at Garfield for 31 years and is source of the name Archer Road.  Honora (or Hanorah) Fallon died in September 1908, she was wife of Michael and mother of ten children. They had settled at Iona in 1901. Michael, who died in March 1915 is also at Bunyip. The family is the source of the name Fallon Road (7). 

If you read reports of deaths in old newspapers, then you would know that many deaths were caused by workplace accidents. In June 1915, 40 year old Joseph Henderson, who drove a wagon for the Drouin Butter Factory, was struck by a train at the Garfield Railway Station, whilst transferring milk cans from one platform to the other. He was ‘badly mangled, one of his legs being severed from the body’ according to a graphic report in the Bunyip Free Press (8). Joseph was buried at Bunyip.

One of the more publicised deaths at the time was that of 40 year old Miss Clara Snell who died June 13, 1914. Clara had been born at Bunyip and died at Nar Nar Goon. Clara and her sister Anna and brother Thomas were part of the ‘Gippsland Giants’ who toured the world. The trio were of abnormal size and weight as the South Bourke & Mornington Journal  reported, with Clara being 39 stone and over six feet tall. When they finished touring Clara and Anna operated the Robin Hood Hotel at Drouin.  Clara, her parents, Sophia and William, and other relatives are all buried at Bunyip (9).

If you visit the Bunyip Cemetery then you would know that is very attractive and well maintained. It seems that this has always been the case as the Bunyip Free Press from November 11, 1915 had this to say about the cemetery the Bunyip cemetery looks just "it" now that the plants and bulbs are in full bloom (10).

Footnotes

(1) Weekly Times, August 21 1886, see here.

(2) South Bourke & Mornington Journal, June 18, 1914, see here.

(3) South Bourke & Mornington Journal, December 18, 1901, see here.

(4) Both quotes from The Argus June 22, 1901, see here.  

(5) The Age June 19, 1901, see here.

(6) Read a report of the unveiling - South Bourke & Mornington Journal, December 18, 1901, see here.

(7) Some of the information in this paragraph comes from Call of the Bunyip: History of Bunyip, Iona and Tonimbuk 1847-1990 by Denise Nest (Bunyip History Committee, 1990)

(8) Bunyip Free Press, July 1 1915, see here.

(9) Clara Snell's obituary - South Bourke & Mornington Journal, June 18, 1914, see here.

(10) Bunyip Free Press, November 11, 1915, see here.

The 1910s - a spiritual decade for Iona

 The 1910s was a very spiritual decade for the small township of Iona (or Bunyip South as it was originally called) as two churches were built in the town - in 1900 the Catholic Church and in 1908 the Presbyterian Church.

Catholic services had taken place in the area since the permanent settlers had arrived from 1892. These services were held in private houses, Kavanagh’s Iona store and the Pioneer Hall which had opened in 1895.

On December 16, 1900 the Catholic Church was opened by the Very Reverend M. J. Maher, C.M, and Fr Maher was assisted in the function by the pastor of the Dandenong mission, in which the new church is situated (Rev. J. Gleeson) according to The Advocate of December 22, 1900. The report went on to say the building is of wood and is considered very good value for the sum of £250, the contract price. The preacher concluded with an appeal on behalf of the debt on the new structure, and a generous response was made, the sum £48 being received.

Damian Smith, in his book 100 years of a faith community: St Joseph’s Iona 1905 -2005 writes that the church was built by Charles Pearson of Bunyip and it was 40 feet by 25 feet and could accommodate 350 people. The church was dedicated to St Joseph.

Catholic Church, Hall and Presbytery at Iona.

 Image from 100 years of a faith community: St Joseph’s Iona 1905 -2005 by Damian Smith (The Author, 2005)

The next major building project for the Catholic community was the erection of the Presbytery (the house where the Priests live). It was built at a cost of £725 sometime between June and December of 1905, for the newly appointed Parish Priest, Father James Byrne. Two other significant events happened in 1905 - the Parish of Iona was formed; the area was previously part of the Catholic Parish of Dandenong. The other event that happened was that Bunyip South officially changed its name to Iona in July of 1905, even though, according to articles in the local papers, the area had clearly been known as Iona from around 1901 and the Iona Riding of the Shire of Berwick had already been named.

The Columba Hall, was officially opened on October 28, 1906. The event was celebrated by a concert and a ball, both of which were well attended. This Hall was destroyed by fire on December 26, 1927. A new brick hall (the existing hall), was opened October 21, 1928. The last building in the ‘Catholic precinct’ at Iona was the Convent, built to accommodate the Sisters of St Joseph. This was officially opened April 11, 1915. The existing St Joseph’s Church was opened April 14, 1940.

The Presbyterian Church at Iona, St Johns, was opened in February 1908. Here is a report from the Bunyip and Garfield Express of February 18, 1908.

The Scotch folk are again to the front and are to be congratulated for their enterprise in building a new kirk at Iona which reflects great credit on all who have had anything to do with the building of it and is decidedly an acquisition to the district. The opening services were conducted by the Rev J. Downey, M.A, B.B., of Warragul who preached suitable sermons for the occasion to large and appreciative congregations. At the evening service, solos were sung by Miss Bruce and Mr Thompson of the Longwarry Presbyterian choir which were highly appreciated, especially Mr Thompsons rendering of ‘Dream of Paradise’. Special hymns were sang by the choir under the able leadership of Miss Adamson, choir conductress. The collections for the day amounted to [just over] 5 pounds, which was considered by the Committee to be highly satisfactory. It was suggested that those connected with the kirk should get to work and have some trees planted. Some friends have offered to supply trees free of charge and as the kirk is in a very exposed position…[illegible].. beautify the kirk and ground. In future, services will be conducted every sabbath morning at 11.00am by Mr L. Watson, the home missionary, instead of fortnightly. The best thanks of the Committee are due to Mr McIntosh who always looks after the welfare of visiting ministers while in the district.

Not sure when the Church closed - we believe around 1980.

St John's Presbyterian Church at Iona, c. 1908.

Image from Call of the Bunyip: history of Bunyip, Iona & Tonimbuk 1847-1990 by Denise Nest (Bunyip History Committee, 1990)

What else was happening in Iona at this time? The Advocate newspaper had a Children’s column called ‘Letters to Aunt Patsy’. On September 18, 1906 Ellen May Elizabeth Fitzpatrick wrote the following letter with a description of Iona -

Dear Aunt Patsy - This is my second letter to you. I hope my oar is not rusty. I am going to tell you about Iona. There are three stores, one Catholic church and presbytery; a new Hibernian Hall is getting built, one school (there's a new school nearly finished), one mechanics' institute, a new bank, a cream depot, and a post-office. We live four miles from Garfield, and six miles from Bunyip. Dear Aunt Patsy, have you ever been to Iona? The flowers are all out nice now. The paddocks are also nice and green. The Rev. Fr. Byrne is our parish priest. He passes our place to say Mass in Koo-wee-rup. The birds are building their nests now. We found a parrot's nest with two little birds in. We left them till they get bigger. I shall bring my letter to a close, hoping you are all well.  I remain, your loving niece, Ellen May Elizabeth Fitzpatrick. (The Advocate, October 6, 1906, see here)

As you can see, Iona was a much larger town than it is today. And, in case you are wondering, Aunt Patsy had not been to Iona.

Sources - 

• 100 years of a faith community: St Joseph’s Iona 1905 -2005 by Damian Smith (The Author, 2005)
• On the edge of the swamp: a history of the Iona Primary School No. 3201 1894-1994 by Denise M. Nest ( Iona Primary School Back-To-Committee, 1994)

Divorces in the 'olden days'

 The Divorce Court proceedings were reported in much detail in the newspapers in the past, and this was because one party had to prove the other party was at fault - reasons such as adultery, desertion or cruelty -  so the hearings made interesting stories and there seemed to be no privacy considerations taken into account. In fact, one report had the heading -  A divorce case of interest to residents of Yannathan and Heath Hill. Also worth noting is that sometimes the Judge refused to grant  the divorce, thus the unhappy couple had to remain married.

 
Women were in a vulnerable position years ago as there was not the Government support we have today - Child endowment was introduced in 1941, the Widows pension (which did not cover single mothers or divorced mothers) in 1943 and the supporting mothers pension in 1973. So, unless the woman could get maintenance or find a job (not an easy thing when there was no child care) or get support from her parents, many women had no choice but to stay with a philandering or violent husband. It wasn’t until 1975 that no fault divorce came in and one partner just had to show the marriage had an irreconcilable breakdown. Here are some interesting local divorces reported in the papers years ago.

November 1904 - HUNT V. HUNT

Edward Hunt, of Yannathan, sought a divorce from Mabel Jessie Hunt on the ground of misconduct. The parties were married on November 6, 1896, and there were three children. Evidence was given that the respondent was living an abandoned life. A decree nisi was granted. Mr. Hotchin (instructed by Mr. S. Marriott Watson) appeared for the petitioner. Misconduct is a euphemism for sexual relations and I presume an abandoned life is a euphemism for an alcoholic or a woman who was indulging in misconduct. 

(The Argus,  November 24, 1904, see here)

Hunt vs Hunt

The Argus November 24, 1904, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10351973

February 1909 - LYONS V. LYONS 

Joseph Lyons (45) petitioned for a divorce from Mary Teresa Lyons (44) on account of alleged misconduct on her part with Maurice L. Bloustein and Richard Butler, who were joined in the suit as co-respondents. The facts disclosed were that petitioner resides at Monument Creek, and is a school teacher. Bloustein was a watch maker. The marriage took place on 11th January, 1888, at St. Patrick's Cathedral, Ballarat, and there had been no children. For a time petitioner was an hotelkeeper, having been licensee of the Iona Hotel, Garfield. It was there that co-respondent and respondent met, and, as alleged, were guilty of misconduct on 2nd May, 1908. Mr. L. S. Woolf, instructed by Messrs. Courtney and Dunn, appeared for petitioner. His Honor granted a decree nisi, with costs against both co-respondents.     

(The Age, February 24, 1909, see here)

August 1909 - MARTIN V. MARTIN

William Martin, aged 66, a farmer at Garfield, applied for a divorce from Annie Jane Martin, aged 57, on the ground of desertion, dating from December, 1904. Dr. T. P. M'lnenney appeared for the petitioner. Petitioner stated he was married at the registrar's office, Collingwood, on 15th January, 1895, and one child, now 11 years old, was born of the marriage. Respondent was a widow, with two children, when petitioner married her. While he went into residence on his farm at Garfield respondent was living at North Melbourne. A difference arose between them over the children of the former marriage, and respondent suddenly left her husband, taking with her the child of the marriage and her two other children. William Maloney, medical practitioner, stated that he knew both of the parties intimately. The respondent informed him that she would leave her husband, and he tried to dissuade her from doing so, informing her that the petitioner, a man of some property, had made a will providing for her and her child. She, however, refused to take his advice. He did not know the whereabouts of respondent. Petitioner was still willing to provide for his daughter. A decree nisi was granted.   

(The Age, August 6, 1909, see here)

May 1912, ROHL V. ROHL 

Mary Elizabeth Rohl, 26, of Iona, Gippsland petitioned for a divorce from Oscar Rohl, 30, miner, on the ground of desertion. Mr. L. Woolf (instructed by Messrs. Snowball and Kaufman) appeared for petitioner. The parties were married on 15th October, 1904, and there was one child. Evidence was given that they lived together for about two weeks, after which respondent went to Queensland. He sent his wife £4 or £5 per month until November, 1905, when he wrote that he was coming back to Melbourne. Petitioner, however, had not seen him since. A decree nisi was granted.  

(The Age, May 14, 1912, see here)

November 1912 GLENISTER V. GLENISTER 

Frederick William Glenister, 55, of Bunyip, contractor, petitioned for divorce from Margaret Glenister, 51, on the ground of desertion. Marriage took place on April 28, 1886, and there were four children. It was stated that the respondent threatened to leave home in 1900, and after September, 1905, she declined to live with him. Since 1909 they had been separated. Petitioner took proceedings for divorce in 1910, but owing to lack of money had to abandon them. Mr. Larkin (Reynolds and Larkin) appeared for the petitioner. A decree nisi was granted.    

(The Argus, November 20, 1912, see here)

September 1914 - MCKAY V. MCKAY 

A divorce case of interest to the residents of Yannathan and Heath Hill came before Justice a'Beckett in the Melbourne Divorce Court last Monday, when Margaret McKay, of Yannathan, sought a dissolution of her marriage with Charles W. A. McKay, aged 46 years, laborer, on the ground of desertion. Mr. Ham appeared for the petitioner. The petitioner, whose age was given as 43 years, stated that the marriage took place on 8th January, 1908, and there was one child. Later on in the same year respondent left his home, merely saying he had to go away. She knew of no reason for his leaving, and had not seen him since. A decree nisi was granted.   

(Bunyip Free Press, September 3, 1914, see here)

A divorce of interest

Bunyip Free Press  September 3, 1914 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article129629496

February 1917 - BIRD V. BIRD

George Bird, 62 years, of Garfield, sought divorce from Grace Bird, 62 years, on the ground of desertion. The case for petitioner was that the parties were married on 21st October, 1896, and there were two children. In January, 1909, respondent left Garfield, where they had lived for about eight years, taking the daughter with her. He had seen her twice since, and she stated that she would not return because she found life in the country "too slow." A decree nisi was granted, and the amount of alimony was fixed at the rate of 15/ a week. 

(The Age, February 10, 1917, see here)

July 1919 -  The Argus newspaper headed their report - Soldiers' Divorce Suits. Another crop of cases in which soldiers sought divorce from wives who had been unfaithful during their absence on active service was heard before Mr Justice Hood in the Supreme Court yesterday.

ROBB V. ROBB

Alexander Thomas Robb, 32, farm labourer, living at Colac, sought the dissolution of his marriage with Susan Robb, 32, on the grounds of misconduct with Charles Beasley, of Koo-wee-rup, who was joined as co-respondent. The parties were married in July 1904, and there are five children. In October, 1916, petitioner left for the war, leaving his wife £3 a week. He was away for two years and three months and on his return he found his wife in bed at Loch, in Gippsland, with a newly-born child, of which she admitted Beasley was the father. Mr. Justice Hood said that the co-respondent had not been properly identified by the witnesses. The case could be adjourned, to obtain further evidence, or another course could be adopted. Petitioner stated that he was willing to leave Beasley out of the suit rather than than it be adjourned. Mr. Justice Hood thereupon granted a decree nisi. Mr R.F. Hayes (instructed by Messrs. Glover and Ormond, agent for C.W. St. J. Clarke, of Colac) appeared in support of the petition.  

(The Argus, July 17, 1919, see here)

April 1920 - NICHOLS V. NICHOLS

Mr Justice Cussen to-day concluded the hearing of a petition by Violet Victoria Nichols, 35, of Point Nepean road, Elsterwick, for a dissolution of her marriage with William Nichols, 38, asphalter, on the grounds of misconduct. Of the marriage, which took place in 1908, there are two children. Petitioner said that in July, 1917, respondent bought a farm at Garfield, where it was arranged she should live until he joined her after selling his asphalting business. He visited her once a month, and when she spoke to him about delay in selling the business he said certain debts had first to be settled. She remained on the farm until June, 1919, when she received a letter signed “A Charwoman, Brighton," stating that misconduct had occurred between respondent and a young woman named Doris Edwards, who had given birth to a child. A brother of the girl told her that respondent had for 12 months, under the name of “Bill Johnson" paid attentions to his sister, intending to marry her, and take her to a farm at Bunyip. He had taken the girl away on the understanding that he would get her a situation, but subsequently lived with her. Respondent subsequently admitted to petitioner that he had been “carrying on" for 12 months before he sent her to Garfield. For the sake of the children, she forgave him, but one night he came home late, and when she accused him of having been with the woman again. He rushed at her, and almost choked her. A decree nisi was granted, and petitioner was given custody of the children, and allowed 25/ a week for the maintenance, on condition that she did not claim alimony for herself. 

(Ballarat Star, April 22, 1920 see here)

March 1921 - TAYLOR V. TAYLOR

Alleging desertion, Richard Thomas Taylor, of Perth street, Prahran, in the employ of the Railways Department as a carriage builder, asked for a dissolution of his marriage with Annie Isabel Taylor. It was alleged that Mrs. Taylor had sold the house in which the parties had lived, kept the proceeds, and went to live with her daughter at Yannathan. In reply to the Chief Justice, Mrs. Taylor said that the house had been bought in her name, and that it was her husband's wish that he should leave him. The petition was dismissed. Thus, in spite of the fact that Richard wanted a divorce and Annie was happy to leave him, the Judge dismissed his petition for a divorce. 

(Prahran Telegraph, March 12, 1921, see here)

February 1922 - HULSE V. HULSE

Before Mr. Justice Macfarlan yesterday, Mary Hulse, aged 42 years, was granted a dissolution of her marriage with Arthur Ernest Hulse, 45 years of age, farmer, of Bunyip, on the grounds of desertion and repeated acts of misconduct with Wilhelmina Ford, of Bunyip. The petitioner was allowed 15/ a week alimony and costs.   

(The Argus, September 17, 1922, see here)

September 1923 -  ROGERS V. ROGERS

William Henry Rogers, aged 53 years, of Nar-nar-goon, formerly a constable of police, but now a farmer, petitioned for a dissolution of his marriage with Alice Ann Maud Rogers, aged 47 years, of Canterbury road, Toorak, on the grounds of desertion. Mrs. Rogers defended the suit, and claimed that she had had just cause for leaving her husband owing to his cruelty. Mr. Justice Macfarlan found that desertion had been proved, and granted a decree nisi. Rogers was ordered to pay his wife's costs. Mr. Hudson appeared for Rogers, and Mr. L. S. Woolf for Mrs. Rogers. 

(The Argus, September 10, 1923, see here)

April 1925 - CLANEY V. CLANEY

Margaret Winifred Claney, 31 years, of Tennyson-street, Sandringham, nurse, sought divorce from William John Claney, 50 years, of Iona, farmer, on the ground of desertion. Petitioner stated that while

she and her husband were living on a farm she one evening found him in the dairy with the girl who was employed on the farm. The girl had her arms round respondent's neck. The girl left the farm, and some time later respondent sold the farm. She heard afterwards he had met the girl, and that respondent had since admitted the girl was with him. She obtained a maintenance order against respondent. A decree nisi was granted, with costs, and an order was made for permanent alimony at 25/ a week.

(The Age, April 9, 1925, see here)

December 1925 - TAPLIN V. TAPLIN

Albert Edward Taplin, 48 years, of Catani, farmer, sought divorce from Sarah Annie Taplin, 52 years, of Yarragon, on the ground of desertion. Petitioner said the marriage took place in Wales, England, in July, 1907. He came to Australia in 1911, and went to the war in 1915. He came back in the following year, and in 1919 went to live at Catani. While there respondent went on a visit to a farm which he had given her at Yarragon, and she refused to return to him. Respondent filed an answer to the petition and gave evidence denying desertion. She said she was forced to leave her husband on account of his cruelty. Her husband had visited her on several occasions and cohabitation had taken place. He had also sent her gifts of various kinds and money. His Honor said he was not satisfied petitioner had proved desertion for the required period, and the petition was dismissed with costs. 

(The Age, December 16, 1925, see here)

February 1930 - GRIFFITHS V. GRIFFITH

Charles William Griffiths, 33 years, of Raglan-street South Melbourne, motor driver, sought divorce from Doris Clarice Griffiths, 27 years, of Tynong, on the ground of misconduct. Hilary Charles Phillips, of Page-street, Middle Park, taxi driver, was joined as co-respondent. The parties were married on 27th May, 1922, at Melbourne. A decree nisi was granted with costs against co-respondent.

(The Age, February 8, 1930, see here)

September 1934 - YOUNG V. YOUNG

On the ground of desertion, Caroline Young, 43 years, Luscombe-street, East Malvern, petitioned for divorce from Herbert Young, 44 years, Cora Lynn, near Garfield. The marriage took place on 16th January, 1912, at Brunswick, and there are four children. A decree nisi was granted. (The Age, September 4, 1934, see here)

July 1950 - GLOVER V. GLOVER

Archie Lee Glover, farmer, of Koo-wee-rup, was awarded £450 damages against William Mortensen, farmer labourer, also of Koo-wee-rup, the co-respondent in Glover's divorce suit. Glover sued for a divorce from his wife, Joyce Lillian Glover on the ground of her adultery with Mortensen. He also sought £1,000 damages from Mortensen and asked for custody of the three children of the marriage. The suit was undefended. Mr. Justice Coppel granted Glover a decree nisi and ordered that Mortensen pay £450 damages into Court within 14 days. He reserved his decision on the question of custody of the three children. Mr. W. Fazio (instructed by John P. Rhoden) appeared for Archie Lee Glover. 

(The Age, July 22, 1950 see here)

Early Swamp Schools

The first school on the Koo Wee Rup Swamp was School No. 2629 which had opened on November 1, 1884 on the corner of Bethunes Road and the Koo Wee Rup to Bayles Road. It was originally known as Yallock School and changed its name to Koo Wee Rup on July 24, 1903. The building was shifted into Rossiter Road (where the Secondary College is) in September 1910. A new building was opened in February 1915 which burnt down in May 1950. The replacement school opened as a Higher Elementary School (both primary and some secondary classes) in mid 1952. The Primary school eventually moved to its Moody Street location and was officially opened there on November 25, 1960.

For many years this was the only school on the Swamp. After four years of work the newly drained Swamp was considered ready for settlement in 1893 and families began to arrive, however it wasn’t until July 1894 that the schools at Five Mile and Iona opened.

It must have been a great occasion for the swamp settlers at the eastern end of the swamp to have schools that their children could attend, however apparently some children were less than excited as they had been roaming free and not attending school for 12 months and a newspaper report at the time said that the Iona Head Teacher, Arthur Jamieson, ‘found the that the children were in a deplorable condition of ignorance and barbaric wildness.’*

Koo Wee Rup North State School, No. 3198

The first of these schools to open was No. 3198, on the corner of Five Mile Road and Main Drain Road, and it opened on July 7, 1894. This School was originally called Koo Wee Rup South and changed its name to Koo Wee Rup North (and unofficially called Five Mile School). When the Iona School, No, 3201,  opened two days later on July 9, 1894, on the corner of Thirteen Mile Road and Bunyip River Road, it was called Koo Wee Rup North; in 1899 it changed its name to Bunyip South and then in 1905 to Iona.

Koo Wee Rup North, showing school, Mechanics' Institute (Hall) and 

recreation reserve location.

Detail from Koo-Wee-Rup, County of Mornington Department of Crown Lands and Survey, 1939.

State Library of Victoria http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/104366

Five Mile School had Peter Norris as the first Head Teacher. At one time the school population was over 100 but in July 1954 when the School celebrated its 60^th anniversary there were only 20 children enrolled.  However, the anniversary celebrations were a great success with over 700 people attending, including three original scholars - W. Gilchrist, W.G. De Vries and Tilly Freeman (nee O’Shea).  The school parents voted for the school to close in November 1959 and the children were sent to Pakenham Consolidated School. Five Mile was the last school to join or ‘consolidate’ with the Consolidated School which had officially opened in May 1951.

I have written about World War One soldiers from Koo Wee Rup North area, here. The post also includes information on two previous teachers from the School who served -  Captain Frank McNamara who received the Victoria Cross and Captain William Wilson who received the Military Cross.

Koo Wee Rup North State School 1927

Koo Wee Rup Swamp Historical Society photo

Iona State School, No. 3201

The Iona State School was located on the corner of Thirteen Mile Road and Bunyip River Road at Vervale. The name of Vervale didn’t come into use for this area until around 1917, 23 years after the school was established, which is why it was never officially known by that name. 

The Iona school opened on July 9, 1894 with 83 pupils enrolled and the Head Teacher was Arthur Jamieson. As we saw before,when the school opened many of the local children had not been at school since their parents had moved to the area (it was around 1893 that permanent settlers moved to the Swamp) so it was not an easy time for Mr Jamieson as some children had no interest in attending school after a year or so of freedom. Mr Jamieson also had to find a place to board, establish a school garden and a playground. 

By 1895, the school population had grown to 120 pupils and the new Head Teacher Joseph Lyons arrived in April 1895. He had three assistants - Mr Colquhoun, Miss Alston and Mrs Lyons. Joseph Lyons remained at the school until 1907.

The Teachers Residence was built in 1908; previous to this the Head Teacher had to live in Garfield.  The original school building burnt down on July 6, 1913 and the new building opened on April 28, 1914 with 164 pupils. 

The Education Department established the War Relief Fund in August 1914, to raise money for the War effort or as the Education Department’s Record of War Service, 1914-1919 book put it ‘sustained and generous help by Victorian boys and girls may well assist to keep Australia free from the horrors of war. Every boy and girl should therefore endeavour to make regular contributions till the close of War’. This book lists the amount of money raised by children at all schools in Victoria and the children at Iona raised 196 pounds for this fund, a substantial amount compared to other schools in the area. 

After the War, from 1920 to the end of 1927 the Head Teacher was World War One veteran, Percy Scouller. Percy Osborne Scouller had enlisted on February 8, 1915 at the age of 23. After serving overseas Sergeant Scouller arrived back home in Australia in June 1919 and was discharged in the August and then took up his post at Iona.

In 1942, electricity was supplied to the school and the telephone was connected in 1964. Celebrations took place in 1964 to mark the 50^th anniversary of the new building with between 500 and 600 people attending. Another celebration took place in 1989 to mark the 75^th anniversary the 1914 building. Sadly, the school community could not celebrate one hundred years of education as the school was closed on December 17, 1993, seven months short of its centenary. The building is now at Nar Nar Goon and used as a Scout Hall.

Iona State School - opening of the new building in 1918. 

Photo: On the edge of the swamp: a history of the Iona Primary School no. 3201 1894-1994 

by Denise Nest

* Gippsland Independent, March 6, 1895, as quoted by Denise Nest (see below).

Sources: 

Vision and Realisation : a centenary history of State Education in Victoria, edited by L.J. Blake. Published by the Education Department of Victoria, 1973.

On the edge of the swamp: a history of the Iona Primary School No. 3201 1894-1994 by Denise M. Nest ( Iona Primary School Back-To-Committee, 1994)

A short history of Bunyip

I wrote this for the 35th birthday of the Bunyip & District Community News, and it was published in the October 2017 edition.

The first European settlers in the Bunyip region were squatters who leased the two Connabul Creek runs, which were located between the Ararat Creek and the Bunyip River. In 1845, Connabul Creek 1 run of 8,960 acres was leased by Michael Ready (or Reedy) and James Hook and Connabul Creek 2 run was leased by Terence O’Connor and a Mr Hayes. The other squatting run in the area was the 30,000 acre Bunyeep Bunyeep Run, which was located between the Bunyip River and the Tarago River and taken up in 1849 by Henry Jennings. Around the same time as these squatting runs were taken up (1847) a road was surveyed from Dandenong to the Bunyip River (in the vicinity of were Ellis Road meets the river) and the township of Bunyeep developed there.

This town was surveyed in the 1850s - it had a High Street and a Barkly Street and eleven blocks - two owned by A. McKinnon, two by W.M.K Vale and the rest by David Connor, who built the Bunyeep Inn around 1854. In 1867, Connor built a new hotel called the New Bunyip Inn.  This was built on the Bunyip River on the Gippsland Road, as the Princes Highway was then called. It was on the south side of the Highway, just east of A'Beckett Road and the west side of the Bunyip River.  A small settlement developed around the Inn, William Snell built a bakery in 1878 and a dance hall was erected by Mr Hyne, opposite the Inn. The New Bunyip Inn was closed by the Licensing Reduction Board in 1917.  It is possible that this small township on the Bunyip River would have developed into a sizable town however the arrival of the railways in 1877 moved the settlement further south and the modern town of Bunyip developed around the railway station.

Bunnyip Hotel, North Gippsland.  [David Connor's New Bunyip Inn] Photographer: Fred Kruger

 State Library of Victoria Image H41138/11

The railway line from Oakleigh to Bunyip opened on (depending on what source you use) October 4 or October 8, 1877.  There is a description of Bunyip in The Argus of October 4 from a journalist who took a trip down the railway line before the official opening - There are no visible settlements at the Bunyip at present, save such as have been temporarily called into existence by the railway works, but the hills on the north are stated to have been all selected. Two red-wood cottages have been built at the back of the station, apparently for the purposes of trade. On the whole, the scene is very desolate, and the traveller tempted by railway time-tables to ran down into Gipps Land, will be strongly persuaded when he steps from the train into the open space which has been hewn out of the Bunyip forest to postpone his visit, and hasten back to Melbourne, unless he is of dauntless mind, and hardened to toilsome bush roads.

Another report that contains a description of Bunyip was in the South Bourke & Mornington Journal on August 3, 1887 -  it has two hotels, well conducted by Messrs. Hanson and Finch. These two hostelries, with Mr. Barrow's general store, amicably uniting themselves pretty well form the township. There are also one or two unpretentious dwelling houses about, and a State School.

As is usual in many country towns some of the first establishments were hotels and, according to Denise Nest’s book The Call of the Bunyip, two Hotels opened in 1876 - the Butcher's Arms and the Bunyip Hotel. John O'Brien had the licence for the Bunyip Hotel and in January 1877 he took up the licence for the Railway Family Hotel.  I don’t know if these hotels were the ‘red wood cottages set up for the purpose of trade’ as described by the journalist above.

John O'Brien's tenure at the Family Hotel didn't last very long as it was sold up by the Sherrifs Office in May 1881, according to an advertisement in The Argus. I am a bit hazy on the early details of these hotels - by 1884 there are various advertisements for Lawrence Finch's Gippsland Hotel at Bunyip - this Hotel is still in existence (it's known as the Top Pub); in 1897 Sarah Alice Finch was listed as the licensee and William Kraft took over, sometime between October 1898 and September 1899, according to the Shire of Berwick Rate Books.   I don't know when the original building was replaced by the existing two storey brick building. The other hotel in Bunyip today is the Railway Hotel - Thomas Stacey is listed as a publican in the Shire of Berwick Rate books in 1890 and he had it for many years, but I am unsure of the connection, if any, between the Railway Hotel and early hotels - was John O'Brien's Railway Family Hotel the same hotel as the Railway Hotel or was it the Butcher's Arms? The Railway Hotel was destroyed by fire in 1924 and the new building, which is the existing building, opened in October of the same year.

The settlement on the Koo Wee Rup Swamp from around 1893 helped the development of Bunyip and Garfield as they were service centres for the surrounding farm lands. The 1903 Electoral Roll shows that Bunyip had 355 adults enrolled of which just under half were female. The occupations listed in the Roll give us idea of the sort of services were available in the town. As you might expect, most of the men were farmers or labourers but there were also railway employees, a carpenter, draper, coach builder, store keepers, baker, gardener, butcher, Hotel keeper and even one sailor. The women overwhelmingly had their occupation listed as ‘home duties’ but there was a dressmaker, a music teacher, a teacher and a saleswoman.

The population of Bunyip increased at a steady rate - in 1921 it was 694; 1933 - 744 and 1961 - 959. It then remained almost static for 25 years as in 1986 it was still only 986. The largest increase has come in the last 20 years when from 1996 to the 2016 Census the population doubled from 1,011 to 2,468.

As the population grew all the necessary trappings of a 'civilised' life developed - the State School opened at the start of 1880; the hotel keeper William Kraft built a hall, which was replaced by the original Mechanics' Institute Hall in 1906 (this hall burnt down in 1940 and the existing hall was opened in1942). Church services had taken place in the hall and private homes until the Methodist Church was opened in 1899 and the Anglican Church in 1902. The Presbyterian Church (now Uniting) was not opened until 1954.

Community groups such as the Agricultural, Pastoral and Horticultural Society was established in 1899; a football club and a cricket club sometime in the 1890s and Bunyip even had ‘young ladies’ cricket team which started in 1909.  The ‘ladies basketball’ club (netball) began in the 1930s. The Fire Brigade started in October 1942. The First Bunyip Scout Troop commenced in 1910 and the Girl Guides in 1959. On the welfare front - the Country Women’s Association started in 1936 and the Baby Health Centre the same decade.  A private Hospital was built in 1912 and another in the 1930s. The Shelley Memorial Hospital at Bunyip was officially opened on March 19, 1966 and closed on May 1, 1991. The building is now part of Hillview Hostel.

There are, of course, many other Community groups or institutions which have played a role in the life of Bunyip residents but we don’t have the space to go into it here. The Call of the Bunyip by Denise Nest, which I mentioned before, has information on some of these groups. You can buy this book from the Bunyip Historical Society. However, we can’t finish this short history of Bunyip without mentioning this publication, the volunteer run Bunyip & District Community News, which has been recording the activities of the area for 35 years.  Congratulations to the News team and we look forward to the next 35 years!

Koo Wee Rup Water Tower

As early as 1918 there was agitation for a water supply scheme in Koo Wee Rup and this issue came up periodically with the Koo Wee Rup Progress Association. In 1927, the Victorian Railways said that they would be able to use about 14 million gallons of water annually from any water supply scheme (this was in the days of steam trains) which would make a system more viable and so a Committee was formed to push the issue and get rate payer support. Eventually, the Koo Wee Rup Water Works Trust was formed and the first meeting was held at the Memorial Hall on Tuesday, March 12 1929. We don’t really know what happened at this meeting as the next edition of the Koo Wee Rup Sun reported that the Press was ‘gagged’. According to the Sun, Commissioner William ‘Ernie’ Mills was apparently of the opinion that ‘the public should only be supplied with information that the Trust deems fit’. Ironically it was the rate payer’s representatives on the Trust - Mills, W.K Paterson and William Eason - who voted for the exclusion of the Press, while the Government nominees - Matthew Bennett, M.L.A. and George Burhop - voted against the exclusion of the Press.

The next evidence we can find regarding the workings of the Trust was that the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission had approved the plans for the water scheme and applications for tenders for the work were advertised in the June 27, 1929 Koo Wee Rup Sun and the results were announced in the October 24 paper. The tenders were for the construction of Head works, including an elevated reinforced concrete tank and settling basin - awarded to Monier Pipe Construction Co. - tender price was £4985.00; Supply of pumping machinery- McDonald & Co.; Trenching and laying of pipes - G.L Clemson £628.00; Manufacture of cast iron pipes - Monteath & Sons, South Melbourne £1214; Galvanised pipes - John Danks & Son £287; Cartage of pipes - A.J Gilchrist of Koo-Wee-Rup £18 18 shillings. The Engineer in Charge was Mr A.C Leith, who was also Secretary of the Society of Engineers.

The Sun reported in their March 6, 1930 edition that the Press gag was lifted and there was a report on the progress of the works. The official opening of the Water Scheme took place on Thursday, May 1 1930. The Opening Ceremony was attended by Mr Matthew Bennett, M.L.A, who was standing in for the Minister of Lands and Water Supply, Mr Bailey; SRWSC Engineer Mr Neville and representatives from the Companies involved in the construction of the scheme and the Victorian Railways. Commissioner W.E. Mills said in his address that the area was going ahead and would continue to forge ahead due to the surrounding rich agricultural land. He also said that old residents would know that land that was worth 5 shillings per foot, ten to fifteen years ago, was now worth £12 per foot. Another benefit of the water supply was that it would make their homes more picturesque and that from a social point of view the water supply would enable the construction of a bowling green and croquet lawn. Mr Bennett, M.L.A., talked about the health benefits of a water supply as streets could be flushed and that would make for cleanliness and health and the water supply was also a protection against fires. Mr Bennett, then turned a tap and allowed water to flow into a street channel and the scheme was declared open.

How did the Scheme work?
Water was obtained from the Bunyip Canal (Main Drain) and was pumped into a concrete settling basin of 160,000 gallons (one gallon is about 4.5 litres) having passed through a filtration process. It was then pumped into a 90 foot (about 27 metres) tower which had an 83,000 gallon capacity. The water was then distributed around the town. In the March 27, 1930 Koo Wee Rup Sun there was a notice to owners of properties that pipes had been laid in Station, Moody, Salmon, Henry, Gardiner and Charles Streets; Rossiter and Denhams Roads and Alexander and Sybella Avenues. Householders were required to lay a pipe and stop cock to their properties to be connected to the main pipe. The water rates were set at minimum charge of 30 shillings for a residence and 15 shillings for a vacant block. In the December of 1930 the water consumption since the Scheme started was 800,000 gallons of which the Railways had used 635, 000 gallons. On January 13, 1931 35,000 gallons was consumed in one day.

In the end, Koo Wee Rup not only got a reliable water supply but also a landmark construction which is still prominent today.